南亚热带三种典型植被土壤动物对模拟N沉降增加的早期响应

A field-scale experiment arranged in a complete randomized block design with three N addition treatments including a control （no addition of N）, a low N （5 g m^-2 year^-1）, and a medium N （10 g m^-2 year^-1） was performed in each of the three typical forests, a pine （Pinus massoniana Lamb.） forest （PF）, a pine-broadleaf mixed forest （MF） and a mature monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest （MEBF）, of the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve in subtropical China to study the response of soil fauna community to additions of N. Higher NH4^＋ and NO3^- concentrations and a lower soil pH occurred in the medium N treatment of MEBF, whereas the NO3^- concentration was the lowest in PF after the additions of N. The response of the density, group abundance and diversity index of soil fauna to addition of N varied with the forest type, and all these variables decreased with increasing N under MEBF but the trend was opposite under PF. The N treatments had no significant effects on these variables under MF. Compared with the control plots, the medium N treatment had significant negative effect on soil fauna under MEBF. The group abundance of soil fauna increased significantly with additions of higher N rates under PF. These results suggested that the response of soil fauna to N deposition varied with the forest type and N deposition rate, and soil N status is one of the important factors affecting the response of soil fauna to N deposition.     

氮输入对森林土壤有机碳截存与损耗过程的影响

大气氮沉降对受氮限制的陆地生态系统碳截存/损耗的机理尚不清楚,尤其是对土壤有机碳(SOC)的输入、转化和输出过程的认识明显不足。本文论述了外源性氮素(氮沉降、人为增氮)对凋落物分解、土壤有机碳各组分周转的影响,以及土壤呼吸各组分(根系自养呼吸、根际微生物呼吸和SOM分解)对增氮的响应等领域的最新研究进展,指出了在上述研究领域中存在的问题,并提出拟解决的途径以及未来的可能研究方向,以期为该领域的研究提供参考。     

Nitrogen availability in some Wisconsin forests: comparisons of resin bags and on-site incubations

Summary Estimates of ammonium and nitrate availability in conifer and hardwood forests using an ion exchange resin (IER) bag method and with on-site incubations of soil cores in buried bags were compared. Correlations between the two methods were generally high. Correlation coefficients (r) between IER nitrate and buried-bag mineralized nitrate ranged from 0.87 to 0.92. Both methods also correlated well with aboveground net primary production, litter fall N content, and fine root biomass. The major differences between the methods related to the relative importances of ammonium and nitrate forms of available N. The IER method indicated that both ammonium and nitrate were important on all sites, with nitrate predominating in most soils. The buried-bag results indicated that available N was primarily in the form of nitrate (all ammonium was oxidized), but that nitrate was insignificant on infertile sites.     

去除养殖水体悬浮颗粒的多向流重力沉淀装置设计及性能

为了高效去除循环水养殖系统中的固体悬浮颗粒物,研发了多向流重力沉淀装置,并对其水力特性及相关结构参数进行试验研究。该文以固体悬浮颗粒物去除率为试验指标,设计了5～40 min的水力停留时间（hydraulic retention time,HRT）及斜管填料规格参数的双因素试验。结果显示,随着HRT增加,多向流重力沉淀装置的固体悬浮颗粒物去除率呈显著上升的阶段性变化特征,但以HRT为20 min时沉淀装置的综合处理效果最优,最高平均去除率可达（58.57 %±10.12 %）,其中粒径小于20 μm的微颗粒去除率为19.5%,粒径大于60 μm的微颗粒去除率高达90.3 %;较小的斜管直径可显著提高多向流重力沉淀装置的固体悬浮颗粒物去除率,而斜管高度对去除率无显著影响。多向流重力沉淀装置用于去除循环水养殖系统中的固体悬浮颗粒物,是一种行之有效的方法。     

皇甫川流域综合治理对河道冲淤变化影响的研究

皇甫川系黄河的一条多泥沙河流,至1997年底流域治理度达28.2％。水土保持综合治理对削减中小洪水水流动量的作用明显,河流中的中粗粒径泥沙所占比重变小,细粒径泥沙所占比重增大。减水幅度与减沙幅度不同,河道断面未发生大的调整。水土保持蓄水拦沙和减轻黄河泥沙淤积的作用,为深化流域综合治理提供了理论依据。     

Surgical correction of periocular fat pads and entropion in a potbellied pig (Sus scrofa)

A 16-year-old Vietnamese potbellied pig was examined because of recurrent ocular discharge and reduced visual ability. Bilateral upper eyelid entropion and impaired vision secondary to periocular fat deposition were diagnosed. Surgical correction with excision of subdermal fat and redundant skin was performed to address both issues. Surgery restored vision and resolved ocular irritation. More than 1 year following surgical therapy the pig is visual and comfortable with no evidence of recurrent fat deposition or entropion.     

川西南常绿阔叶林土壤呼吸及其对氮沉降的响应

通过原位进行低氮(LN,50 kg N/hm2.a)、中氮(MN,100 kg N/hm2.a)和高氮(HN,150 kg N/hm2.a)处理,研究了川西南天然常绿阔叶林土壤呼吸及其对模拟N沉降的响应。结果表明:(1)该森林土壤呼吸速率最大值612.21±77.82 mg CO2/m2.h出现在7月份,最小值108.95±17.01 mg CO2/m2.h出现在2月,年均土壤呼吸速率为348.00±157.83 mg CO2/m2.h,年均土壤呼吸通量为8.31±3.77 t C/hm2.a。采用双因素关系模型(Rs=aebTWc),土壤温度和土壤湿度共同解释了该常绿阔叶林2005年10月~2006年7月土壤呼吸速率季节变化的68.6%~73.9%,其拟合结果优于以土壤湿度或温度为参数的单因素关系模型。影响土壤呼吸速率的主导因子是温度,其地表温度变化响应的敏感程度Q10值为2.12,以土壤5 cm深处的温度为参数时,Q10值为2.51。(2)N沉降处理3个月后,该森林中HN和MN处理的土壤呼吸速率(309.43±17.24 mg CO2/m2.h,303.82±11.50 mgCO2/m2.h)均显著高于CK(269.28±13.78 mg CO2/m2.h)(P<0.05);处理4个月后,HN的土壤呼吸速率(272.42±13.25 mg CO2/m2.h)均显著高于MN(239.65±10.33 mg CO2/m2.h)、LN(229.10±9.90 mg CO2/m2.h)和CK(234.51±12.77 mg CO2/m2.h)(P<0.05);但处理7~10个月时,各处理之间无显著差异。研究表明,N沉降初期明显促进了常绿阔叶林土壤呼吸,后期无明显影响。     

洞庭湖泥沙沉积与土壤侵蚀

洞庭湖是一个吞吐型的过水湖泊,其泥沙沉积量大,1951～1983年累计沉积泥沙约48.07亿t,年平均沉积1.5亿t。泥沙沉积于汛期,多为长江冲积物。严重的泥沙淤积,反映出长江中上游地区土壤侵蚀十分强烈。泥沙沉积灾害发生在湖区,突出表现为洪涝、土壤潜育化和血吸虫感染。侵蚀灾害发生在山丘区,它导致土壤退化和滑坡、泥石流灾害加剧。加强长江上游水土流失重点防治和中上游防护林工程体系建设,提高人均产值,消除或减轻人口增长对生态环境造成的压力,可从根本上控制土壤侵蚀和泥沙沉积灾害。     

Geochemical fluxes in forested acidified catchments

The atmospheric deposition of some major components (e.g., NO₃-N 6.6 and 14.5; SO₄-S 17.8 and 42.4 kg ha^–1 a^–1) and trace elements (e.g., Cd 0.4 and 1.1, Cu < 1.9=" and=" 15,=" pb=" 43=" and=" 48=" g=">^–1 a^–1) in bulk and throughfall deposition respectively, shows a pronounced decline in recent measurements of total deposition in the eastern Erzgebirge (Germany). This is true for both bulk and throughfall deposition in 1992–1994 as compared to similar data from 1985–1989. The decline is a result of successful emission control strategies in central Europe and the shut down of plants and factories in the former GDR.The dry deposition at the highest (influenced by long-range transport) and the lowest station (local influences) shows distinct differences (e.g., Cd 0.6 and 0.3; Cu 17.4 and 7.3; Pb 13 and 31 ng m^–3). A comparison between total and dry deposition exhibits the different behavior of elements in respect to atmospheric concentrations and solubility in (rain)water. Anthropogenically released elements are mainly immited via wet deposition.     

黄绵土土壤活性有机碳的侵蚀和沉积效应

活性有机碳作为土壤有机碳中活性最强的部分,它比土壤有机碳更敏感于环境的变化。通过野外径流小区观测和室内分析,研究了侵蚀对土壤活性有机碳的影响。结果表明,土壤和泥沙中活性有机碳含量分别在0.15～0.34g/kg和0.28～2.92g/kg之间;坡度≤20°时,活性有机碳的流失量随着坡度的增加而增加;其富集比介于3.25～8.47,且随着侵蚀强度和坡度的增大均减小。泥沙中活性有机碳含量随着侵蚀强度的增加呈对数递减趋势,而活性有机碳流失程度则相反。